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1.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 66(3): 375-379, Mar. 2020. graf
Article in English | SES-SP, LILACS | ID: biblio-1136212

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Symptomatic Chiari Type I Malformation (CM) is treated with posterior fossa decompression with or without duroplasty. We have noticed some cases with concomitant severe cerebellar ataxia due to cerebellar atrophy. The aim of this study is to review the literature of CM associated with severe cerebellar atrophy and discuss its potential physiopathology. METHODS A systematic literature review in the Pubmed Database was performed using the following key-terms: "cerebellar atrophy Chiari", and "cerebellar degeneration Chiari". Articles reporting the presence of cerebellar degeneration/atrophy associated with CM were included. RESULTS We found only six studies directly discussing the association of cerebellar atrophy with CM, with a total of seven cases. We added one case of our own practice for additional discussion. Only speculative causes were described to justify cerebellar atrophy. The potential causes of cerebellar atrophy were diffuse cerebellar ischemia from chronic compression of small vessels (the most mentioned speculative cause), chronic raised intracranial pressure due to CSF block, chronic venous hypertension, and association with platybasia with ventral compression of the brainstem resulting in injury of the inferior olivary nuclei leading to mutual trophic effects in the cerebellum. Additionally, it is not impossible to rule out a degenerative cause for cerebellar atrophy without a causative reason. CONCLUSIONS Severe cerebellar atrophy is found in some patients with CM. Although chronic ischemia due to compression is the most presumed cause, other etiologies were proposed. The real reasons for cerebellar degeneration are not known. Further studies are necessary.


RESUMO OBJETIVO A Malformação de Chiari (MC) tipo I sintomática é tratada através da descompressão da fossa posterior com ou sem duroplastia. Observamos alguns casos com ataxia cerebelar grave concomitante devido à atrofia cerebelar. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar a literatura sobre MC associada à atrofia cerebelar grave e discutir sua possível fisiopatologia. METODOLOGIA Conduzimos uma revisão sistemática da literatura no banco de dados Pubmed utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: "cerebellar atrophy Chiari", e "cerebellar degeneration Chiari". Artigos sobre a presença de degeneração/atrofia cerebelar associada à MC foram incluídos. RESULTADOS Encontramos apenas seis estudos que discutiam diretamente a associação entre atrofia cerebelar e MC, com um total de sete casos. Nós adicionamos um caso da nossa própria prática para ampliar a discussão. Apenas causas especulativas foram descritas para justificar a atrofia cerebelar, entre elas: isquemia cerebelar difusa devido à compressão crônica de pequenos vasos (a causa especulativa mais citada), pressão intracraniana elevada crônica devido ao bloqueio de LCR, hipertensão venosa crônica e associação com platibasia com compressão ventral do tronco cerebral, resultando em lesão do núcleo olivar inferior e levando a efeitos tróficos mútuos no cerebelo. Além disso, não é possível descartar uma causa degenerativa para atrofia cerebelar sem motivos claros. CONCLUSÃO A atrofia cerebelar grave é encontrada em alguns pacientes com MC. A isquemia crônica causada por compressão é a causa mais apontada como suspeita, porém outras etiologias foram propostas. As reais causas da degeneração cerebelar não são conhecidas. Mais estudos são necessários.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Arnold-Chiari Malformation/physiopathology , Cerebellar Diseases/physiopathology , Arnold-Chiari Malformation/diagnostic imaging , Atrophy , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Cerebellar Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cerebellum/abnormalities , Cerebellum/surgery , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Decompression, Surgical
2.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 35(1): 39-44, Mar. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-827280

ABSTRACT

Há séculos o cerebelo é considerado uma estrutura do sistema nervoso central responsável exclusivamente pela coordenação do movimento, fazendo diversas conexões com as áreas motoras e associativas do córtex cerebral. No entanto, nos últimos anos, avanços em neuroimagem funcional têm atribuído ao cerebelo funções cognitivo- afetivas, identificando-as anatômica e funcionalmente. Nesta revisão, os autores trazem as mais recentes informações sobre as funções cerebelares, considerando a síndrome cognitivo-afetiva correlacionada ao cerebelo e pondo fim a mais um dogma das neurociências.


For centuries the cerebellum is considered a structure of the central nervous system solely responsible for coordination of the movement, making several connections with themotor areas and associations areas of the cerebral cortex. However, in recent years, advances in functional neuroimaging has assigned the cerebellum cognitive-affective functions, identifying the anatomy and functionally pathways. In this review, the authors come with the latest information about the cerebellar functions, whereas the syndrome cerebellar cognitive-affective, it correlated, putting an end to more a dogma in neuroscience.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebellum/physiology , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders , Functional Neuroimaging
3.
Rev. latinoam. enferm ; 23(2): 250-258, Feb-Apr/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-747167

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: to verify associations between overweight and the characteristics of young adult students to support nursing care. METHOD: case-control study conducted with young adults from public schools. The sample was composed of 441 participants (147 cases and 294 controls, with and without excess weight, respectively). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected together with exposure factors and anthropometrics. Multiple logistic regression was used. The study received Institutional Review Board approval. RESULTS: statistically significant association with overweight: non-Caucasian, having a partner; weight gain during adolescence, mother's excess weight, the use of obesogenic medication, augmented diastolic blood pressure, of abdominal circumference and waist/hip ratio. In addition to these, schooling and weight gain during childhood were also included in the multivariate analysis. After adjustment, the final model included: having a partner, weight gain during adolescence, augmented diastolic blood pressure and abdominal circumference. CONCLUSION: the analysis of predictor variables for excess weight among young adult students supports nurses in planning and developing educational practices aimed to prevent this clinical condition, which is a risk factor for other chronic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases. .


OBJETIVO: verificar a associação entre excesso de peso e características de adultos jovens escolares, como subsídio ao cuidado de enfermagem. MÉTODO: estudo caso-controle, realizado com adultos jovens de escolas públicas. Amostra composta por 441 participantes (147 casos e 294 controles, com e sem excesso de peso, respectivamente). Coletaram-se informações sociodemográficas, clínicas, fatores de exposição e antropometria. Utilizou-se regressão logística múltipla. O estudo foi aprovado em comitê de ética. RESULTADOS: detectou-se associação estatística significativa com excesso de peso em: não brancos, ter companheiro(a), ganho ponderal na adolescência, excesso de peso materno, uso de fármacos obesogênicos, pressão arterial diastólica aumentada, circunferência abdominal e relação cintura quadril. Além destas, entraram na análise multivariada as variáveis escolaridade e ganho ponderal na infância. Após etapa de ajuste permaneceram no modelo final: estado civil com companheiro(a), ganho ponderal na adolescência, pressão arterial diastólica aumentada e circunferência abdominal aumentada. CONCLUSÃO: a análise das variáveis preditoras para o excesso de peso em adultos jovens escolares possibilita ao enfermeiro bases para elaboração e planejamento de práticas educativas que visem à prevenção desta condição clínica, visualizada como fator de risco para outras comorbidades de caráter crônico, como as doenças cardiovasculares. .


OBJETIVO: verificar la asociación entre exceso de peso y características de adultos jóvenes escolares como contribución para el cuidado de enfermería. MÉTODO: estudio de caso control realizado con adultos jóvenes de escuelas públicas. Muestra compuesta por 441 participantes (147 casos y 294 controles, con y sin exceso de peso, respectivamente). Se recolectaron características sociodemográficas, clínicas, factores de exposición y antropometría. Se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple. El estudio fue aprobado por comité de ética. RESULTADOS: se detectó asociación estadística significativa con exceso de peso: no blancos, tener compañero, aumento de peso en la adolescencia, exceso de peso materno, uso de medicamentos obesogénicos, presión arterial diastólica aumentada, circunferencia abdominal aumentada y relación cintura-cadera. Además de estas, entraron en el análisis multivariado las variables escolaridad y aumento de peso en la infancia. Después de la etapa de ajuste permanecieron en el modelo final: estado civil con compañero, aumento de peso en la adolescencia, presión arterial diastólica aumentada y circunferencia abdominal aumentada. CONCLUSIÓN: el análisis de las variables de predicción para el exceso de peso en adultos jóvenes escolares suministra al enfermero bases para la elaboración y planificación de prácticas educativas que objetiven la prevención de esta condición clínica, visualizada como factor de riesgo para otras enfermedades concomitantes de carácter crónico, como las enfermedades cardiovasculares. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Rats , Calcium Channels/genetics , Spinocerebellar Ataxias/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Cell Death , Cell Line, Tumor , Calcium Channels/metabolism , Cerebellum/embryology , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Gene Expression Regulation , Neurites/metabolism , Peptides/genetics , Purkinje Cells/metabolism , Spinocerebellar Ataxias/metabolism , Spinocerebellar Ataxias/physiopathology , Transcription, Genetic , Transcription Factors/metabolism
4.
Clinics ; 66(supl.1): 71-77, 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-593151

ABSTRACT

Beside its role in motor coordination, the cerebellum is involved in cognitive function such as attention, working memory, verbal learning, and sensory discrimination. In schizophrenia, a disturbed prefronto-thalamo-cerebellar circuit has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In addition, a deficit in the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAf) receptor has been hypothesized. The risk gene neuregulin 1 may play a major role in this process. We demonstrated a higher expression of the NMDA receptor subunit 2D in the right cerebellar regions of schizophrenia patients, which may be a secondary upregulation due to a dysfunctional receptor. In contrast, the neuregulin 1 risk variant containing at least one C-allele was associated with decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2C, leading to a dysfunction of the NMDA receptor, which in turn may lead to a dysfunction of the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) system. Accordingly, from post-mortem studies, there is accumulating evidence that GABAergic signaling is decreased in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients. As patients in these studies are treated with antipsychotics long term, we evaluated the effect of long-term haloperidol and clozapine treatment in an animal model. We showed that clozapine may be superior to haloperidol in restoring a deficit in NMDA receptor subunit 2C expression in the cerebellum. We discuss the molecular findings in the light of the role of the cerebellum in attention and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Cerebellum/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenia/genetics
5.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 30(3): 281-289, set. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-493784

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this update article is to report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of cerebellum in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of Medline using the following terms as a parameter: "cerebellum", "cerebellar vermis", "schizophrenia", "bipolar disorder", "depression", "anxiety disorders", "dementia" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". The electronic search was done up to April 2008. DISCUSSION: Structural and functional cerebellar abnormalities have been reported in many psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported smaller total cerebellar and vermal volumes in schizophrenia, mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown alterations in cerebellar activity in schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In dementia, the cerebellum is affected in later stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: Contrasting with early theories, cerebellum appears to play a major role in different brain functions other than balance and motor control, including emotional regulation and cognition. Future studies are clearly needed to further elucidate the role of cerebellum in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive functioning.


OBJETIVO: Este artigo de atualização tem como objetivo avaliar estudos em neuroimagem estrutural e funcional a fim de explorar o papel do cerebelo na patofisiologia dos transtornos psiquiátricos. MÉTODO: Uma revisão não sistemática foi realizada através do Medline utilizando-se como parâmetro os seguintes termos: "cerebellum", "cerebellar vermis", "schizophrenia", "bipolar disorder", "depression", "anxiety disorders", "dementia" e "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". A busca eletrônica foi feita até abril de 2008. DISCUSSÃO: Anormalidades cerebelares estruturais e funcionais têm sido relatadas em muitos transtornos psiquiátricos, entre eles a esquizofrenia, transtorno bipolar, transtorno depressivo, transtornos ansiosos, demências e transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade. Estudos utilizando imagem por ressonância magnética estrutural relataram a diminuição do volume total do cerebelo e do vermis cerebelar na esquizofrenia, transtornos do humor e transtorno de falta de atenção com hiperatividade. Estudos utilizando ressonância magnética funcional e paradigmas cognitivos têm demonstrado alterações na atividade cerebelar na esquizofrenia, transtornos ansiosos e transtorno de falta de atenção com hiperatividade. Nas demências, o cerebelo é afetado nos estágios mais avançados dessas doenças. CONCLUSÃO: Contrastando com as primeiras teorias, o cerebelo parece apresentar um papel mais importante em diferentes funções cerebrais além do controle motor e do equilíbrio, incluindo a regulação emocional e cognição. Futuros estudos são necessários para melhor elucidar o papel do cerebelo em ambos os comportamentos, normal e patológico, na regulação do humor e nas funções cognitivas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebellum/pathology , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Mental Disorders/pathology , Mental Disorders/physiopathology , Anxiety Disorders/pathology , Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Dementia/pathology , Dementia/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mood Disorders/pathology , Mood Disorders/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/pathology , Schizophrenia/physiopathology
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 65(2A): 304-312, jun. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-453931

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Investigar la hipótesis según la cual, el cerebelo podría participar en las alteraciones de la cognición social (CS). MÉTODO: Se administraron tests neuropsicológicos generales, de función ejecutiva (FE), de CS que evaluaban la capacidad de inferir el estado mental de otras personas y la escala de Depresión de Beck a 10 pacientes adultos con enfermedad cerebelosa adquirida aislada (GEC) y a 10 controles (GCO) apareados por edad, sexo y educación. Se analizaron los datos mediante ANOVA y correlación. RESULTADOS: El GEC obtuvo puntajes significativamente menores (p?0,05) que el grupo GCO en tareas de FE (Test de Wisconsin) y preguntas de creencia (PCr) de Teoría de la Mente (ToM). El rendimiento en las preguntas de control (PCo) de ToM fue similar en ambos grupos. El menor rendimiento en las PCr correlacionó significativamente con una menor habilidad conceptual, la severidad de la apatía (NPI) y de la ataxia estática. Las PCo correlacionaron con medidas de atención y de recuerdo diferido libre. CONCLUSíON: El cerebelo contribuiría en el monitoreo de la conducta mediante el control de datos multimodales motores, cognitivos y emocionales.


AIM: To investigate whether the cerebellum could participate in social cognition (SC). METHOD: General neuropsychological tests, executive tests (EF), social cognition tests, which assess the ability to infer other peoples mental states, and the Beck Depression Inventory were given to 10 non-demented patients with isolated cerebellar degenerative disease, and to 10 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and years of education. ANOVA and correlation coefficients were employed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Patients within the cerebellar group were significantly impaired (p?0.05) in EF test [Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT)] and belief questions (BQ) from Theory of Mind (ToM) tests. Performance in control questions (CQ) from ToM tests was similar for both groups. Lower scores in BQ correlated with a lower conceptual ability, the severity of apathy (NPI) and static ataxia. CQ correlated with measures of attention and free recall. CONCLUSION: The cerebellum may contribute in the control of social behavior through the processing of multimodal data, motor, cognitive and emotional.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cerebellar Diseases/physiopathology , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Cognition/physiology , Social Behavior , Social Perception , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Cerebellar Diseases/diagnosis , Cerebellum/pathology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Educational Status , Interpersonal Relations , Neuropsychological Tests
7.
Rev. argent. cancerol ; 27(2): 98, 100-02, jun. 1999.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-239221

ABSTRACT

El meduloblastoma es una neoplasia primitiva del sistema nervioso central (SNC) de origen incierto. Algunos autores lo clasifican dentro del grupo de los tumores embrionarios. El 80 aparece en la primera decada de la vida, localizado en vermis cerebeloso. El 20 restante puede observarse entre los 15 y los 35 años, y afecta mas frecuentemente a los hemisferios cerebelosos. Se presenta una paciente de 28 años de edad, de sexo femenino, HIV positiva, con meduloblastoma de cerebelo. El diagnostico se realizo a traves de una resonancia magnetica nuclear (RMN) y exeresis quirurgica posterior. Se completo el tratamiento con radioterapia y quimioterapia. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se concluye que, pese a su baja frecuencia, deberá incluirse al meduloblastoma en el diagnostico diferencial de las neoplasias de la fosa posterior en adultos jóvenes


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Medulloblastoma/drug therapy , Medulloblastoma/radiotherapy , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/radiotherapy , Cerebellum/physiopathology
8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 52(1): 90-2, mar. 1994. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-129373

ABSTRACT

Uma mulher de 31 anos desenvolveu síndrome cerebelar e neurastênica, de evoluçäo lentamente progressiva, após 14 anos de exposiçäo ocupacional a vapores de toluenos em baixas concentraçöes. Os únicos achados do exame neurológico e neuropsicológico foram sinais cerebelares (severos) déficit visuo-espacial e práxico-construcional (moderado). A neuroimagem tomográfica mostrava acentuada atrofía e a neuroimagem (TC) estavam inalteradas, enquanto a funçäo visuo-construcional havia parcialmente melhorado. Os autores chamam a atençäo para o possível risco neurotóxico relacionado a esse tipo de exposiçäo, numa tentativa de prevençäo de casos semelhantes


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Atrophy/chemically induced , Cerebellum/pathology , Occupational Exposure , Toluene/adverse effects , Atrophy , Atrophy/cerebrospinal fluid , Cerebellum , Cerebellum/physiopathology
10.
Arch. med. res ; 24(1): 33-6, mar. 1993. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-176999

ABSTRACT

To determine the effect of low protein and cornbased diets on the maturation of cerebellum, three groups of young rats were fed during a period of 6 weeks with different diets; 23 and 8 percent of protein (purina-Chow base) and a corn-based diest (8 percent protein). At the end of that period, the concentrations of free amino acids in the cerebellum was measured. Glutamic acid, glucine, glutamine and serine showed the highest values in all groups studied. Corn-based diet group showed the lowest free amino acid concentration compared to that of the control group, with a significant diminutions in the concentration of glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine and histidine. Differences between essential and nonessential amino acids were not observed in all groups studied. Although corn-based diet did not induce specific changes as those reported in severe malnutrition, its effects on the concentration of some amino acids other than tryptophan could have some physiological correlations which need to be further studied


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Amino Acids/deficiency , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Protein Deficiency/chemically induced , Zea mays/toxicity , Rats/physiology
11.
Journal of the Faculty of Medicine-Baghdad. 1993; 35 (4): 441-449
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-28495

ABSTRACT

A study was made in anaesthetized cats of the relative roles of buffer nerves and the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum in the increased release of ADH following haemorrhage in intact cats, a haemorrhage of 20 cc/kg resulted in a significant increase in plasma ADH titer. nevers sectioning resulted in a marked but transient increase in plasma ADH titer, stimulation of the nucleus fastigius of the cerebellum which has a Cardiovascular pressor effect produced a significat decrease in ADH titer, suggesting, for the first time, that the nucleus fastigus of the cerebellum through its sympathoexcitatory pressor pathway is involved in the fluid and electrolyte balance


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Vasopressins/blood , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Cats
12.
Oman Medical Journal. 1993; 9 (4): 9-10
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-30390

ABSTRACT

We report two children with acute transient cerebellar syndrome associated with plasmodium falciparum infection. Malaria should be considered as a diagnostic possibility in children presenting with fever and an acute cerebellar syndrome


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cerebellum/physiopathology , Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity , Chloroquine
14.
Santiago; Universitaria; mar. 1988. 114 p. ilus, tab.(Colección el Mundo de las Ciencias).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-152671
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